Realism of Traditional Trade theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Realism of Traditional Trade theories - Essay Example It is stated that the factor of the comparative advantage is considered to be the most crucial aspect, which moulds the international trade. (Fedotovs 2010) Thus the writer emphasizes on the fact that comparative type of advantage that has come into play due to globalization, is presently the most important aspect for any country, from a practical as well as theoretical point of view. Many traditional theories as well as models, had been effectively formulated so as to explain the comparative advantage and these have ever since been scrutinized to bring out the evidences empirically. But it is an irony that all these theoretical models have only produced results, which were totally contradictory. Thus the writer attempts to generate empirical evidence by taking the case of Latvia, which is a small country and a member of the European Union. Through the analysis of the empirical evidence, the writer focuses on the present two basic concepts of the International Trade. The two very fam ous models are the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem of factor endowment and the Ricardian model, which explains the concept of comparative advantage. ... This efficiency is really possible, since the countries need to concentrate only on the sectors which they are strong in and concentrate mainly to strengthen those areas. In the case of Latvia this becomes a reality, since the application of the comparative advantage emphasized in the Ricardian model is very much possible. Indeed Latvia has been very successful in following such a trade policy, with respect to the foreign countries strictly abiding by the terms of the international trade. (Fedotovs 2010) Applying the Ricardian Model of Comparative Advantage to Latvia The Ricardian theory strongly believes that with respect to a particular product, any country in the present world due to globalization has got a very good comparative advantage, when compared to other countries if the opportunity cost that is incurred during the production of that good, among a group of goods is very less in that particular country. Thus this can very well be applied in the case of Latvia and is found t o validate the Ricardian theories strength. (Fedotovs 2010) Strengths of Ricardian Model In fact Latvia had joined the European Union only seven years back and when it is compared with the other member states, it was having lesser productivity and it was not so economically developed. But the surprising thing was that, this country had a comparative advantage when the productivity ratio in the case of certain goods was compared, with the other member states. To have a very good advantage with respect to particular product, a country had to have a very high productivity ratio when compared to other countries, as per the Ricardian Model. In the case of Latvia it was very well found out that, timber was the export

Osteoporosis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Osteoporosis - Case Study Example Although any individual can contract the condition, Asian and Caucasian women are more prone (Compston, 62). Apart from the vertebrae, osteoporosis affects all the bones in human bodies. However, most instances are seen commonly on the wrist, hip and spine, also known as the vertebrae. It supports the body to maintain its varying postures. Serum calcium levels are elevated in osteoporosis due to its liberation from bones because of hormone influence, the parathyroid hormone in it and more calcium absorption by the kidney that raises its level in the blood (Compston, 18). Referring osteoporosis metabolic bone diseases implies that they result from mineral abnormalities and are often reversible after treating the underlying defects. Osteoporosis can be prevented or slowed down by supplementing the food with enough elements known to lead to this condition. Exercise strengthens bones and their production contrary to the belief that it raises the risks for osteoporosis  acquisition. There are drug therapies that go handy with osteoporosis. They include use of medication such as thyroid hormon e, steroids, diuretics and anticonvulsants (Compston,

United Nations and Human Ritghs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United Nations and Human Ritghs - Research Paper Example The purpose of establishing this organization by Kofi Annan is "Preventing conflicts so that we can live in a world free of fear." (Role of United Nations) United Nation is playing a great role in tackling the catastrophes and mass murders that are taking place all around the world. The role of United Nations has however been criticized by many individuals in certain instances. It is believed that they have not fully come up to fulfill the roles that were assigned to the organization when it came into existence. These nations which had joined hands together initially decided to take organizations which had hold internationally to help them out on certain matters concerning welfare. Through this effort various agencies which specialized in various areas were established. In the year 1865 the ' International Telecommunication Union' which was initially the 'International telegraph union' was formed. Apart from that the 'universal postal union' also came into existence in the year 1874. (History of United Nations) A conference was organized in The Hague in the year 1899 in order to discuss and draft their stance on how to settle problems peacefully and to overcome prevailing crisis. The reason behind this conference was to prevent wars and to generate the basic rules that governed warfare. The major achievement of this conference was that it developed the 'Permanent Court of Arbitration' which started to function in the year 1902. This court was majorly influenced by the 'Pacific Settlement of International Disputes'. The United Nation takes its existence from the League of Nations which was established during the First World War to overcome the massacre that took place. This organization was not successful and therefore was dissolved. It was also formed with the purpose of maintaining peace and security as well as to establish cooperation internationally. This organization that is the United Nations was established in the year 1945 on 24th of October. This organi zation was formed by the consent of veto powers such as China, United Kingdom, United States of America, Soviet Union and other member countries who signed the resolution. Every year the 'United Nations Day' is celebrated on 24 of October. After this organization was established it was realized that a code of conduct needs to be derived so that the rights of human beings remains protected and no human is a victim of ill treatment what so ever. Therefore realizing this United Nations developed a charter which contained the basic rights which are the inborn right of each and every individual of the signatories as well as the countries that come under their jurisdiction. This law was formerly known as the 'The Universal Declaration of Human Rights'. This declaration was passed so that the wrong that was being done to humans previously like they were being deprived of their basic necessities. Power was being exercised unjustly; slavery was at its peak. Considering all these circumstance s where human beings were being treated worse than animals then it was realized that certain initiates need to be taken that would protect the sovereignty and dignity of individuals and no individual would have the right to oppress any human irrespective of power, position etc. In simpler words this organization was established with the following motto, "Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human

The capitalistic nature of Ben Franklin Research Paper

The capitalistic nature of Ben Franklin - Research Paper Example Earlier, he was the 1st United States Postmaster General. Apart from his politician role, he was also a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a civic activist, a satirist and last but not the least, a diplomat. Ben Franklin was proud of his working class roots and hence became a renowned newspaper editor and a printer. He partnered with William Goddard and Joseph Galloway where all of these three individuals published the Pennsylvania Chronicle; a newspaper known for its out of the league emotions and criticisms of the British monarchy within the reins of the American colonies. His wealth is accredited due to the publishing of Poor Richard’s Almanack as well as The Pennsylvania Gazette. Ben Franklin’s life was considered very colorful because he knew a lot of traits and under his aegis; undertook professions which had far-reaching conclusions. This paper discusses the capitalistic nature of Ben Franklin. As an author, Ben Franklin started to publish the renowned Poor Ric hard Almanack. This happened in 1733. He did so for both the original and borrowed content. He used the pseudonym Richard Saunders for the same. His popularity is based on this rendition. This provided him the platform to pen down further publications with several pseudonyms. The character of Richard Saunders was in denial of the role of Ben Franklin within the publication of Poor Richard Almanack, however it was well-known amongst the relevant people as the secret had come out in the open very vividly and there was no hiding. Poor Richard’s proverbs came out of this almanac where one of the most famous ones is â€Å"a penny saved is two pence dear†, or more clearly suggested as â€Å"a penny saved is a penny earned†. Another one is the â€Å"fish and visitors stink in three days†. These are common proverbs in this day and age and remain very popular within the Western folklore. These are adapted within different occasions within the society’s hold and have the ability to be termed alongside the very popular ones that are being made use of in the society (McCrary, 2009). It was in those times that the people considered it wisdom to have an adage for every occasion and Ben Franklin’s readers were always prepared for such adages. By estimates, he sold about 10,000 copies annually, which by current times are equivalent to three million or more. It was in the year 1758 that Ben Franklin stopped writing for the Poor Richard Almanack. This was the time when he printed Father Abraham’s Sermon which was widely recognized as The Way to Wealth. Similarly, Ben Franklin’s autobiography kicked off in 1771 but got published after he died in 1790. This autobiography was hailed as one of the best known classics of the related genre. Ben Franklin was also a noted inventor. His work spoke for his own self. He invented a number of items, most important of which remained the lightning rod, the Franklin stove, flexible urinar y catheter, the bifocal glasses and glass armonica. The glass armonica is a glass instrument and is very different from the metal harmonica. The most unfortunate part of his inventions was that he never patented them. In his autobiography, he confessed that he enjoyed utilizing others’ inventions but then was the time to allow others to make use of his inventions, and allow the people around the world to delve into the scope of how these inventions worked. He mentioned that he needed to do

Connection between language,culture and identity Essay

Connection between language,culture and identity - Essay Example d accent, be the words written or in an electronic form, however in Hall’s view â€Å"Language is one of the ‘media’ through which thoughts, ideas and feelings are represented in a Culture† (Hall, 1968, p. 1), which is true since language is the only mode of transportation in a culture and for these thoughts and ideas to be transported from one person to another it is necessary that the individuals or people between whom thoughts have to be transported speak and understand the same language thus enabling them to decipher each other’s thoughts, feelings and ideas. When we discuss language as the only means of transportation of thoughts and feelings from one person to another we not only speak of words spoken or written but also of symbols and signs and any other means which we classify into one word ‘language’ to simplify things a bit. Hence language is a mode of representation; this representation may be in any form, including symbols, w ords, sounds, musical notes, body language or facial expressions. As Stuart Hall explains about the relation between language and representation; insisting that languages ‘utilise’ representation and are in fact methods of representation which, not only in written form or through dialogue, help in expressing ourselves be it an idea or a feeling. Hall further debates that all of the languages function on similar elements feeding their own creation by the need of people to express and communicate. Therefore all our actions or gestures represent something and ‘language’ is what delivers that representation though the case may be that a particular language delivers the representation of a particular culture. Moreover Hall points out that apart from us people, industries such as fashion industries also use representation through clothing and hence a language to express their ideas, but what factor it is that gives ‘meaning’ to these ideas and though ts and even to people and language? Hall clarifies that;

Retaliation and assassination Essay Example for Free

Retaliation and assassination Essay Why might many Palestinian youths of your own age want to join terrorist organisations such as Hamas or Islamic Jihad, despite the danger of capture, retaliation and assassination? What choices would these youths have to consider in deciding to join such an organisation? The conflict between the Palestinians and the Israelis has lasted since before 100BC. The conflict is over which people really should own the state of Israel. Should it be split 50% 50% or should the Palestinians be made to leave. Israel is the link between the different continents of Europe, Africa and Asia. Without this connection trade may not take place as easily. The country gets most of its money comes from the oil trade. Oil is one of the worlds most important resources and so, Israel is needed to keep many other countries running. This means that Europeans Africans and Asians will always be there. Israel is also in various different industries such as cars, wines, farming and the chemical industry. Both the Palestinians and the Israelis hold historic claims to the land, these date back to biblical times. The biblical character of Abraham is the most significant to this long-term dispute because both the Palestinian and Jewish races descended from him. Abraham had two sons, Isaac and Ishmael. Each of these sons spawned a different new race. From Isaac, came the Jewish and from Ishmael, came Arabic. The Jewish have suffered a great deal of persecution throughout their era in history. Christian blamed them for the death of Christ, the worst sin ever. Most recently were the events of World War II. The Jews suffered the most attacks and were used as puppets by Hitler for the outbreak and the consequences of the war. Many were executed in death camps such as Auschwitz during one of the biggest mass genocides in history, the Holocaust. The Jews were also persecuted during Biblical times because the Egyptians enslaved them. God promised the Jews that he would lead them back to their promised homeland, Israel. God sent Moses to help the Jews who returned them to Israel where they settled in around 1200BC. The Jewish race emigrated throughout the world for years and years. They were a dispersed race who no longer had a homeland of their own. However, many remained resolute as to the fact that they were Jewish and were proud of it. The Jews experienced a great deal of persecution over the years, throughout the world as I have said before hand. After this, it was decided that the Jews should have their own homeland. This was to return to their homeland of Israel. They were determined on returning to this homeland that can be seen in their final prayer that is used to conclude the annual Jewish festival, the Day of Atonement. The prayer reads Next year in Jerusalem. This proved their aspirations of a return to their homeland. However, the Jews were faced with a very demanding problem. During the 7th century, the Arabic race claimed control of the country and renamed it Palestine. They proclaimed the new Palestine as their own homeland. A man called Theodor Herzl started a project to form the first Zionist movement. The aim of his new movement was to establish a mass Jewish settlement in Palestine. However, he was to fail to meet this requirement. He became the president of this New World congress of Zionists. His work was mainly based on persuading the likes of Turkey and Britain to support his cause. Theodor Herzl was successful in gaining the trust of the Turks who eventually sided with the Germans against the Arabs in World War One. However, the British preferred to support the Arabs, who wanted to reduce the support for the countries opposing them. However, the British soon became liable to persuasion. This was due to the money the Jewish race, particularly based in America at the time, had to offer. They had inherited this from previous generations. This would have been of great benefit to the British because the American-based Jews could have persuaded the Americans into the war. As a result of these issues, three agreements were made. * Balfour Declaration- this promised the Jews that their promised land of Israel would be returned to them on two conditions. These were that they persuaded America to join the war and that they maintained the support of Russia as an ally. * The Sykes Picot agreement- this was a secret agreement that was written up between Britain and France in which it was agreed that they would share the land gained when they overthrew the Turkish army. * The McMahon agreement- this promised the support of Lawrence of Arabia in helping the Arabs to revolt against and overthrow the Turks. As a result, they would be given their own, undisputed homeland. These agreements began to cause problems. The League of Nations were handed the responsibility of controlling the land of Palestine, mainly England and France. Both the Arabs and the Jewish to give control of the land to them put pressure upon the League of Nations. The Jewish population of the world saw their chance to return to their homeland of Palestine, which they preferred to call Israel. Many Jews from around the world began to immigrate back to Palestine. This emigration of the Jewish population continued steadily over the next few years. The United Nations suggested a solution to the dispute over the land of Palestine after the Second World War. In 1947, they put forward a proposal to divide the land into three parts. Two of them would be equal and would divide Palestine into an Israeli and Arabic section. However, the capital of Jerusalem would be left as a neutral city. This would city would be controlled by the UN and could therefore be used for important matters of country welfare and economy. This city could be used as an international trade centre for the export of oil. The Jewish accepted this proposal but the Arabs rejected it. The Arabs, in their increasing restlessness with the Israelites, came together from distant lands. They mainly came from nations such as Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Iran, Kuwait, Jordan and Iraq. They began to fight with the Jews over certain areas of land. This, along with other factors contributed to the two races having four wars in the space of 25 years. Unluckily for the Arabs, this was a big mistake because The Israelis wealth meant that they could afford the unsurpassed war technology. This money also meant that they could train new soldiers for the next war. Factors such as these gave the Jews the edge in the wars between the races. The Jews came out on top; they were victorious in all four wars. This gave the Israelis a greater degree of control over Palestine. The Jews shortly re-renamed the country of Palestine, Israel. As their control increased because of these wars, started by the Arabs, they forced the Palestinian inhabitants into refugee camps. This is a very real problem that still faces the Palestinians of today. After the wars, a mutual bitter hatred developed between the Palestinians and Israelis over who held the strongest claim to the land. This is a very long-term and real argument that continues to this modern age. The overwhelming power and military force available to the Jews means that the Palestinians are unable to match them. The Palestinians feel that they have been unjustly forced out from their own land. They hope to one day, have the power to overthrow the Jews and return to the very soil of Palestine that is sacred to them and was to their ancestors thousands of years beforehand. The Palestinians were extremely humiliated by the fact that they were unable to stop the Jews from taking their land. The Palestinians were forced to live off of UNWRA rations. The conditions in the refugee camps are appalling and diseases are quick to proliferate. They felt that the western world was turning a blind eye and that they would have to take matters into their own hands. The Palestinians concluded that the UN was failing to direct world issues to an adequate extent. They assumed that the UN were only too quick to become involved with the punishment of Iraq for their problems in dealing with their neighbouring country, Kuwait. The Palestinians found this to be very unfair and increased speculation among the Arab world that they had to deal with their desperate issue individually. This is why the Arab world resorted to terrorism, because it proved a point and raised consciousness as to the problems that the Arabs were facing in Israel. Loads of Arabs also feel as if they are commonly treated as rouges and are made to pay for such massacres as the holocaust and the Dreyfus affair in France. The exhilaration of representing their race may also have appealed to a youth. All of these factors mean that a youth is lead to believe that they have no substitute but to fight. They see themselves as freedom fighters; not terrorists and so are not unenthusiastic to join. They also believe that they have nothing to lose seeing as they are skirmishing to salvage land that has already been lost and that nations such as America and Britain provide the financial support. A huge number of Palestinian youths of approximately 14 years of age would have wanted to join such terrorist organisations as the legendary Hamas. Unavoidably in the wars, the two races had fought; they were pushed out of their homes into refugee camps. Some of these refugee camps have low-grade living environments and diseases can multiply easily. Families will have lived in these refugee camps for long periods of time. This will have been long enough to bring up a child. The Palestinian youths will have been trained the common Arab attitudes towards the Jewish race from a very young age. Such as, their parents would have explained to them how the Israelis took their assets and land was taken away from them. This might have encouraged the youth to fight so that they made up for the four wars. Their parents will have inaugurated their own opinions into their children. These opinions would have been very tough in the heart of the child and they would have tremendous hatred towards the Jews. This would have sparked and cultivated the childrens own perspectives as to how monstrous the Israelis were, like an attitude of hatred towards the Israelis. The youth may have thought that because no one was willing to help their cause they would solve the problem their selves. Adolescents might have felt alienated if they didnt join up to a terrorist organisation. I am sure that peers as well as parents encouraged the youths to sign up to a terrorist organisation like Hamas or Alaxa. Countless youths have been brought up to mistrust the peace talks of their Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat. Numerous families might have chosen to bring up their children in this way because they feel that peace would not solve anything because so many other Palestinians had died in the last couple of years. They might feel that peace is not enough vengeance towards the Israelis who killed many Palestinian figures such as Deir Yassin, Sabra and Shahla. This will just encourage the youth to hate the Palestinians even more. Instead, a Palestinian youth could always take a political route towards the conflict and devastation. Many groups such as the Palestinian Labialisation Organisation (PLO) led by Yasser Arafat offer to help the youths of Palestine. These groups believe in peace, which can be obtained through negotiations and discussions. This process is ideal for the western world because of its loss of threat and the amount of deaths. Members are not at as much risk as those are in terrorist organisations like Hamas or Alaxa. This system has proved to be a great deal more productive than using terrorism because more has been achieved. People still believe that violence is the only way to win. Another way for a youngster to express their aspiration for peace would be to sign their name on the Progressive List for Peace in the Middle East. This aims to achieve teamwork between the Arabs and Israelis in sorting out their differences and accomplishment some kind of declaration over the disputed state of Israel. Families and friends, however, might strive to dissuade a youth from joining a campaign because it is not a way of settling the scores and they would be considered to be traitors. Even though there are six main Arabic terrorist groups, they all share the same common goal. This is to cause fear in order to make a point. The point is to make the world aware of their problems in Israel and to make the worlds citizens think about why people would sacrifice their lives for their Homeland. The six groups are Islamic Jihad, Hamas, Alaxa, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Abu Nidal Organisation. They have different styles of making people hate and fear them throughout the world and because of this they have killed hundreds of innocent people from many different cultures. Israel has a secret service and they can find out who is a member of a terrorist organisation. Prior to a youths decision to join a terrorist group, they must think about their options and their penalties. For instance the first main question they must chose to answer is what organisation do I join. This is a vital question because, if they ever chose to leave, many organisations will decline this request because the person knows so much information on their group. If you would still wanted to quit that organisation they would probably kill you so you dont spread the information. The organisations say that youre with us or against us. People would lose their freedom because people would try to kill them on the streets and they would have to disguise or hide themselves. The last option for a Palestinian youth would be to leave these problems behind and leave Israel. This would not be of any benefit to Israel because it is not solve the problem. This could be a way out for the youths as they are not at jeopardy in the bordering Arab countries such as Egypt. From here, they could support the Arab cause without risk of losing their lives by convincing Europe and other superpowers to join in the struggle for a homeland. The youth could also have a better education and life in such countries as England, France and the USA. Numerous Palestinian youths are faced with such a serious question, should they fight for their country. They have a wide range of choices; none of them are easy. Should they FIGHT In order to solve this conflict, there must be debates in the forthcoming and somebody must take charge of the country. The Palestinian and Israeli youths are the future, maybe if they all stopped fighting the wars would stop. I believe over time the Israelis and Palestinians will merge as one race.

The Utilitarian ethics and its impact on supply chain

The Utilitarian ethics and its impact on supply chain Introduction: Utilitarian ethics is considered as a theory which is considered significant in the perfect competitive business world. This theory emerged from the customer expectancy where they expect greatest happiness. According to example.com (2010) this theory is based on the principle-the greatest good for the greatest number. The pioneer of the utilitarianism theory was Jeremy Bentham. He lived from 1748-1832 and was brought up in a very intellectual family. The utilitarianism could be classified in three types. Without following any specific rule, if it deals with the consequences of individual acts, then it is nominated as Act Utilitarianism. Rule utilitarianism allows specific rule to be followed and preference Utilitarianism says that one should act in a way that the person involved prefer unless the preference is outweighed by others. On the other hand, Utilitarianism also defined negatively. Negative utilitarianism requires us to promote the least amount of evil or harm, or to prevent the greatest amount of suffering for the greatest number of people. The key words the greatest good for greatest number, in broader view reflects the consideration of sustainability of business resources in long term rather than short term profitability. In terms of supporting the supply chain, the utilitarian ethics keep or accelerate the flow of supply chain in long term and in this interest the immediate situation should be less evaluated than long term. As the requirement of this assignment, the study is going to present a comprehensive structure of using the utilitarian ethics in respect of supply chain of vegetable retailers. Retailers and other food sector companies to test and develop innovative business models, together with their supply chain partners, that will bring new and higher volumes of food products from Africa to the UK, at the same time delivering improved livelihoods for African producers (FRICH, 2010). Supply chain and its effectiveness with the use of Utilitarian ethics: Supply chain is a system that is responsible to reach the goods from farm to customer minimizing the waste and maximizing the assurance of availability of goods in the shelve for customer. Supply chains underlie value chain because, without them, no producer has the ability to give customer what they want, when and where they want, at the price they want. Producers compete with each other only through their supply chains, and no degree of improvement at the producers end can make up for the deficiencies in a supply chain which reduce the producers ability to compete (Business dictionary.com, 2010). The term vegetable supply chain is smooth normally in season. Thus, the behavior of supply chain management authority normally could be different with the supply chain partner as the availability of goods. In this case, utilitarian ethics suggest that the authority to judge the partners significantly in both times, in season and out of season. According to FRICH (2010) UK supermarkets have successfully developed African horticulture to meet year round demand for fresh fruit and vegetables, most produce is sourced from a few countries only and farmers find it hard to meet buyers exacting standards. Farther obstacles to these farmers can arise from concerns over food miles, environmental conservation, labor standards and food safety. Giving African farmers greater access for their food exports help reduce poverty and increase rural incomes, so the fund is designed to support projects that bring African farmers and their workers including poor small holder in their food supply chain. Th erefore, it is very specific from the acts of FRICH that, the practice of utilitarian ethics helps the people involved in vegetable supply chain in terms of their basic needs, improve the economic development that assure the flow of vegetable even in out of season. Not only supply chain partner become satisfied with the proper practice of utilitarian ethics but also the consumer, the god of a business become benefitted from this use which attract them to be loyal to the retailer. The benefitted supply chain partner influence the consumer directly. This is easy to realize that if the farmers become satisfied and can maintain the product with assurance of export and continue the flow of supply, then adequate supply of goods is visible in the shelve of retailers and consumer become happy to them. According to Accenture (2010), the challenge of supply chain is increasing day by day because of tremendous competition. It found out five preconditions of supply chain according to the mode of consumers choice. They are on-shelf availability, faster replacement- smaller quantities and changing customer requirement. In terms of on-shelf availability, supply chain has to maintain good relation with the farmers as though they are dedicated to the organizations fluctuating demand by customer. Excellent retail supply chain management revolves around understanding and balancing three key dimensions of availability, inventory and cost. Managing this trade-off sufficiently can result in supply chains that improve business through assurance the availability of goods for consumers satisfaction. Practice of Utilitarian ethics by consumer group and its impact on supply chain: It is not deniable that there are also some challenges to maintain the utilitarian ethics which increase the cost of supply chain. However, according to the principle of this ethics greatest good for greatest people should be maintained first because customers satisfaction is the primary goal of a business. As vegetable is a fundamental domain of customers demand and it is consumed every day, they are to demand it. Thus, in broader view, the ethics practice cost apparently may be perceived increased, the assurance of sufficient vegetable supply should be counted first. The use of utilitarian ethics in supply chain can provide adequate supply of vegetable. In terms of fresh vegetable supply, use of utilitarian ethics also helps maintaining the freshness of vegetable. If the supply chain authority can maintain the relation with the farmers in compromise aspect in season, then they will supply in out of season. If the labour working in farms get security of their job in out of season, then their dedication to farms become increased and farms can assure the importers the supply of vegetable according to demand. This practice also can minimize the waste of good. In the case of organic vegetable, the use of this ethics is more fruitful. Organic vegetable is produced in such a way that there is no use of chemical and pesticides. Vegetable is certified as organic by specific body of national government. The demand is increasing in the world is increasing gradually. In UK, the yearly increasing rate of organic food is around 30% which fluctuates according to the economic flow (FIRTH, C and SCHMUTZ, U,. 2004). If supply chain management evaluates the farmer, the supply chain partner, then the assurance of organic food will be more sustainable and organization can be able to present to the organic customers the organic vegetable. After carefully evaluation the correlation between the utilitarian ethics and its impacts on supply chain of vegetable retailers, it could be mentioned that in this perfect competitive market utilitarian ethics has a great impact to survival for a vegetable retailer. It satisfies the supply chain partner, their (farmers) internal and external stakeholders and overall sustainability of the farms can decrease the waste of goods, assure the supply in dull season and can decrease the major cost of supply chain management of organizations. Merits of Utilitarian ethics and critical analysis in food miles: In respect of extending the discussion of consideration of utilitarian ethics in terms of vegetable supply chain, author of this study intends to mention the food miles. Food miles is the idea that emerged from the travel of food from farms to dining table which indeed, says the environmental impact that happens in this travel time. Half of the vegetables and 95% of fruits are imported to UK from overseas countries. This food and vegetables arrive by air and water and truck. In the consideration of environmental impact, water, plane and road transport give off CO2 in different scale. In order to maintain the supply chain regarding business prospect, retailers have to use plane in vast cases. The food comes from overseas gives off 11% of the total CO2 emission from UK food transport where air-freighted travel produces 177 times more greenhouse gases than shipping. Though there is some national bodies and protest groups to watch the mode of using transport, the use of utilitarian ethic s will be more effective to reduce this emission and environmental harm. In this case, the merit of this ethics could be utilized in some aspects. Firstly, Utilitarianism cannot be faulted on its morals as it clearly seeks the happiness and fairness for the majority, which has always been an important consideration in the works of government and other major powers, as well as in everyones everyday life. If the supply chain authority of the food retailers shows and maintain the happiness and fairness as the part of following utilitarian ethics, then they will be interested to use water way to import food rather than air considering the green house effect. On the contrary, there is another argument is that using the shipping needs requires long time refrigerator, it also produce CO2. However that is very lower than plane. Another thing is that, the retailers are interested to maintain shorter life of food form farms to plate in order to present it to the consumer fresh and regarding the food and safety, they prefer quick travel than the slower. Secondly, Utilitarian ethics considers the consequences of all actions, which is key in building a civilised society. If people were not aware of consequences then there would be no deterrent to commit crime. Here awareness is the key point of using this ethics. As it has been mentioned that the food travel in UK emits 11% of CO2, the retailers could be interested to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases by influencing their self-motivation. In this case, they can be encouraged to produce vegetables and fruits in home. Though, some people argue that locally grown and organic food can be kept chilled for months which require energy because of maintain the supply chain out of season. In one hand, this chillers keeps the food fresh, on the other hand it act as culprit for our global warming. However, it is undeniable that home grown is better than using air. If the awareness could be build up, then newly sophisticated mechanism of reducing the CO2 emission may also innovated by supply chain expert. Finally, It encourages a democratic approach to decision making, and dangerous minorities are not allowed to dominate. Therefore, author can mention here again the organic food grown in home based cultivation. It food transport is responsible for 25% of the kilometres clocked up by HGVs on the congested roads in UK. Supermarkets have national distribution systems, so even food grown near a particular branch may have travelled by lorry to a central depot and back to its place of origin. This idea should be emphasised to implement to the food producers, then quarter of 25% emission could be reduced. This is also not beyond the controversialist because the congested road is not fully sufficient to avoid roads accident. It is perceived that in traffic jam the lorry has to wait on the road for a long time and that is why this lorry has to maintain chillers regarding food and safety issue. However, massive awareness and encouragement can increase this lorry user in democratic majority. Practice of ethics of virtue in supply chain: Virtue ethics is currently one of three major approaches in normative ethics. It may, initially, be identified as the one that emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in contrast to the approach which emphasizes duties or rules (deontology) or that which emphasizes the consequences of actions (consequentialism). Suppose it is obvious that someone in need should be helped. A utilitarian will point to the fact that the consequences of doing so will maximize well-being, a deontologist to the fact that, in doing so the agent will be acting in accordance with a moral rule such as Do unto others as you would be done by and a virtue ethicist to the fact that helping the person would be charitable or benevolent (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007). To some extent, ethics of virtue could be mentioned as that- the practice of normal ethical sense regarding the situation. In terms of vegetable retail supply chain, there are some primary things come to the account firstly. Maintaining the freshness of vegetable and food and safety are commercially an objective. Beyond the rules and regulation and consequences, the ethics of virtue will be more perfect in comparison. In addition, the evaluation of supply chain partners, more specifically the farmers should be dealt with utilitarian ethics, however the practice of ethics of virtue will be more effective to maintain the supply chain in the out of season. Practice of ethics of virtue, is indeed propelled from the moral ethics. Moreover, in terms of environmental issue, the use of virtual ethics will be fruitful to save this global warming. Virtual ethics is consequently related to the moral behavior to the globe. Thus, which sort of transport should be used to reduce CO2 emission regarding the situation like customers demand, scarcity of goods in shelves, assurance of availability of supply and so forth will be decided by proper use of ethics of virtue. Conclusions: In conclusion, it is to say that utilitarian ethics is considerably correlated to the business world. In respect of commercial goal, the supply chain management is the most expensive domains of business organization because the retention of customer, customer loyalty and flow of increasing sale depends on this section. Therefore, ultimately the farmers become significant to the retailers as they are the source of goods. For satisfy them, the price level, assurance of selling goods, and proper communication with them should be emphasized. Thus, use of utilitarian ethics is important to make them satisfied. In the case of global environmental issue, utilitarian ethical behavior also is must. Because of food miles concept, the emission of CO2 could be minimized as their supply chain dealings. If the supply chain management is used to maintain targeting less use of air way, then the global warming will be reduced. Using utilitarian ethics and ethics of virtue, the retailers will be motivated to produce home grown vegetable nearest to the distribution centre. In terms of organic food, supply chain partner should be motivated to maintain the characteristics of cultivation of organic food grains. As the demand of organic food is increasing day by day, the dependency on farmers is also increasing. Consequently, the retailers should encourage them to maintain the virtue of organic food growing through supply chain management.